Lecture Notes Free Essays

Revenge Deterrence Get rid of them, get them of the streets Retribution Just desserts Justice, proportionate The punishment must fit the crime It must be proportionate Contravention of social order requires ‘pay back’ to society or volt Deterrence Threat of punishment will prevent future crime Hedonistic calculus If the pleasure out ways the pain deterrence is ineffective General Deterrence, and Specific You see a friend commit a crime and you don’t want to Specific Is you Certainty, Celerity, Severity These need to be close together In order for deterrence to be affective certainty Is he most important; if you are certain you are going to get caught, you wont do it. Does deterrence work? Sometimes it does work (they get out, and they don’t want to go back) and sometimes it doesn’t work (people sometimes bargain with the judge to get put into Jail longer, or they go back to crime) Incapacitation (Prison) Symbolic: denouncement of act communicated to offenders and society through use of punishment In the sense of freedom; we as people of society we value our freedom, and taking it away is tough on a lot of people Imprisonment, deprivation of liberty Remove problem elements from society Rehabilitation Address underlying causes facing the offender Focus on offender, not crime Assumes transformation potential of rehabilitation within a punitive context The problem with rehabilitation is that it believes that you can rehabilitate someone in a prison setting; where you got people in an anxious setting etc. ND it becomes a lot more challenging Justice Policies Trend in Policies There is more emphasis on incapacitation, retribution, deterrence Rehabilitation, re paration overshadowed Less focus on solving problems of crime Belief that vindictive punishment is most appropriate response to crime Trend in US ND Canada toward punitive approaches New Pensiveness From mid-sass’s Claim of global trend toward harsher CA sanctions More and more punishment is increased, some states in the U. We will write a custom essay sample on Lecture Notes or any similar topic only for you Order Now S have totally gotten rid of community sanctions and probation Increase use of prison, more crimes result in prison, increase prison lengths, mandatory minimums More and more punishment is increased, some states in the U. S have totally gotten rid of community sanctions and probation Shaming initiatives, austere prison regimes For example in Arizona they make their inmates wear pink suits Zero tolerance strategies Zero tolerance means they have to report everything even if it’s a push fight Three strikes legislation If you do two serious offences on the third serious offence you get a life sentence Use of capital punishment It does not have an effect on crime rates In Canada the death penalty did not have an impact on crime rates In states for the first two weeks it would go down and then it would go right back to where it was Harsh CSS policies are response to increasing public disorder, rising crime, deterioration of moral framework Leap backward, shift away from restraint Stretching the limits of punishment Tough Justice War on Drugs in 1971 Drug offences is what is driving the crime rates in the U. S out the roof Crack: is used by the lower class people Cocaine: is used by the middle and upper class The police are targeting the lower class that is using crack So the prisons and sanctions in the U. S is filled with the minority people, such as blacks and Latinist’s Tough on crime policies and election platforms 1980 = 40,000, 2008 = 500,000 Simon: prison used to target race Relationship between ‘Get Tough’ and Crime Rates Little relationship between crime and incarceration rates There is no relationship with how tough you are on crime and the crime rate. You can e as tough as you want but it will not put a dent on the crime rate. High welfare spending = low incarceration rates Greater inequality = higher incarceration rates Inefficient – move away from pensiveness Example: Texas vs†¦ California Texas spent a lot of money on offences, which in turn had zero effect on the crime rate, where as California spent no money, and they had the same rates as Texas who spent a lot of money Canada youth incarceration rate Canada put in place laws and barriers that stated you can’t put children under the age of 12 in Jail. Criminal Responsibility Category Age Children Under 12 None Youth 12-17 Diminished Adults 18+ Full Legal Legal Classification of Criminal Offences Offence Hearing Punishment Summary Provincial court Judge $2000 both Indictable (Felony: U. S term; both mean the same thing) Less serious: provincial court Judge Most serious: provincial superior court by federally appointed Judge All others: Judge without Jury Up to Life Hybrid Can be summary or indictable Prosecutor discretion Record, circumstances Varies Cocoas: Representations of Crime – Lecture 3 Non. 29) Epistemology – Study of knowledge What do we know about crime? How do we know what we know? How do we acquire our knowledge? What are its limitations? Common Sources News Word of mouth Problems with Understanding Crime Hidden Subject of inquiry is deliberately Insight Criminals have little insight into the broader nature of their behavior What does one murderer know about another Cost Access in costly, time consuming and partial Scope Much crime lies beyond the scope of research Access Sociologists cannot pass effortlessly into every situation Barriers exist within social worlds Representation Social worlds are not representative Official Sources of Crime Statistics The Crime Funnel Citizens detect crime A lot of people do not report crime, for reasons being: Fear Can resolve it on your own Police might/wont do anything about it May not think it’s a crime/don’t define it as a crime Street youth, they don’t trust the police because they are victimized If you are engaging in criminal behavior you won’t report crime to the police. Uniform Crime Reports Standardized counts of crime known to police National statistics about crime Applies standard definitions to all offences Counts used to determine crime rates The Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics Limitations Mainly the crime funnel Justice system does not give an accurate portrayal of crime Unreported crime The â€Å"dark figure† of crime Self-Report Surveys Asks people about the crimes they have committed You can get peoples attitude etc Who commits the most crime: Young Adults Identifies some unreported crimes (dark figure) Measure attitudes and prevalence of offending (primary peers) Factorization Surveys Asks victims about crimes they did not report Indicate that a large number of crimes are not reported Example: Canadian Urban Factorization Survey Direct Measures Economic loss, physical injury, property damage Indirect Measures Fear of crime and its effects People don’t want to be alone at night Lock the doors Establish new expectations and measurements for police effectiveness Increase understanding and trust between police and immunity leaders Empower and strengthen community-based efforts Commitment to long-term proactive prevention strategies Decentralized operations and management Develop new skills in police Racial and Criminal Profiling Racial Criminal Any action undertaken for reasons of safety, security or public protection, that relies on stereotypes about race, color, ethnicity, ancestry, religion, or place of origin, or a combination of these, rather than on a reasonable suspicion, to single out an individual for greater scrutiny or different treatment. Relies on actual behavior or on information about suspected activity by someone who tests the description of a specific individual. What is Racial Profiling? Based on stereotypical assumptions because of one’s race, color, ethnicity, etc. Evidence of disproportionate stops When is it profiling? B, women in spousal relationship killed, airport Good police work or self-fulfilling prophecy â€Å"Intuition†, â€Å"suspicion† Visibility, definition If you are a young black male with an education you are more likely to be stopped by police. ** By in large police officers in Canada are intelligent hard working people who want to serve Justice to the general public. ** How to cite Lecture Notes, Papers

Reform in the Australian Dairy Industry-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Reform in the Australian Dairy Industry. Answer: Reforms in the Australian Meat Industry The Australian meat industry is a reputable sector globally. For this reason, any reforms in the industry significantly affect the economy. Recently, two crossbench MPs proposed that Australian grown meat but proposed overseas should be banned from being sold as Australian. In the proposed reform, the MP for Kennedy Bob Katter and the NXT MP Rebekha Sharkie argue that the reform would safeguard investments in local production and maintain high quality standards (Vidot, 2017). Consequently, it would protect the countrys meat industry reputation as it would ensure only quality meat from the country is branded as Australian. For this reason, Anna Vidot explains the details of the reform in an article dubbed Meat processed overseas, branded Australian faces ban in proposal by Federal crossbenchers. Primarily, the reform solicits the interests of various stakeholders in the meat industry. Firstly, the article is of interest to local livestock farmers who export their live animals overseas for processing. In addition, the article would be of significance to international companies that purchase Australian live animals for processing in their own countries. Notably, this lot would be considerably affected by the proposal as they would have to change their brand, something that would adversely affect their marketing and sales. Furthermore, the proposal would cost both Australia and its exporting countries a lot of revenue. For this reason, the article will interest agents from livestock exporters and importers council in the participating economies. It is imperative to note that the issues arising from the article can be explained using various economic theories. As such, the rationale behind the proposal can be justified using economic concepts. Fundamentally, the main arguments raised in the proposed reform relate to the concept of nation branding. In economics, country branding plays a significant role in international markets. Profoundly, nation branding pertains to the tactical self representation of a state with the intention of developing reputational capital through economic interest promotion both locally and out of the country (Szondi, n.d.). Primarily, it involves the use of tools of imaging to alter the identity, behavior and image of a country in a positive manner. By so doing, the branded commodity has a better chance to compete in the international market because of the reputation associated with that particular country. In many cases, a country engages in nation branding with the aim of gaining influence in the international market. So far, the Australian economy has branded its products as high quality goods and services. As a result, Australian livestock products have gained international credibility and have created investor confidence throughout the world. In addition, it has allowed for improvement in the ability to win against regional and global businesses (Nason, 2017). Today, Australian livestock products are recognized as superior and, thus, competitive in the international market. Owing to these advantages, the proposed reform seeks to detach from livestock products processed abroad (Daily Mail, 2017). As such, the MPs realize that processing meat products outside the country and branding them as Australian may lead to a compromise on quality. In turn, this may affect the countrys reputation in the international market, something that may lead to significant loss of revenue. Additionally, the reform is based on the Bayesian model of reputation. According to the Bayesian updating process, reputation is a situation in which buyers have great belief on the ability of a particular seller to provide high quality products (Teacy et al., 2012). Thus, any uninformed party relies on the reputation of the seller to make informed decisions regarding whether or not to consume the product (Cleave et al., 2016). Therefore, branding foreign processed meat as Australian may significantly affect the countrys reputation if their quality is compromised during processing (Cleave et al., 2016). Tainting Australias reputation may significantly affect the price that consumers will be willing to pay for products from the country in the future. Consequently, it may affect the nations revenue from the global market. Source: (ABS, 2017). With regard to the theories stated above, one would support the rationale behind the proposed reforms. Fundamentally, Australian commodities are of high standard. Specifically, the nation has the highest level of food safety programs in the world. In addition, the nation boasts one of the highest levels of animal welfare globally. It is worth noting that allowing foreign companies to brand processed products outside the country as Australian would significantly affect the nations image and reputation. Over time, a consistent compromise on quality would permanently damage the status of the countrys goods and services in the international market. Eventually, it would adversely affect the countrys competitiveness. Furthermore, it would affect the level of exports from the country; thereby negatively influence the level of growth. In this regard, it is crucial that the government implements the reforms as proposed by Sharkie and Katter. It is recommended that the country detaches itself from foreign processed commodities by banning the branding of Australian grown meat as Australian if it is not processed within the country (Vidot, 2017). However, during branding, the government may allow the processing company to mention that the meat originates from Australia, but processed in another country. This way, the nation can benefit from the fact that it has been mentioned as a producer of livestock, but detach itself from any complications that may arise during processing and marketing. Besides, it can maintain high reputation for its locally processed meat exports. Meat export from Australia Area Chilled beef/veal Total beef/veal Buffalo Mutton Lamb Goat Pork Fancy meats Total European Union (EU) 676382 730129 0 254547 205291 0 0 16599 1206566 Other western Europe 25229 25229 0 1967 58335 0 0 0 85530 Eastern Europe 0 0 0 19669 1161 0 0 3000 23831 USA East Coast 2280416 7782332 0 219652 1148949 337811 0 167227 9655972 USA West Coast 626606 3611614 0 198639 564781 88542 0 42457 4506033 Canada East Coast 18727 734327 0 110622 169500 71847 0 24489 1110784 Canada West Coast 54069 75458 0 0 292008 56164 0 18912 442542 Japan 4526612 13042930 0 124204 230033 10729 0 972433 14380328 Korea 1297736 6275583 0 52496 297038 96246 1319 1070967 7793649 Taiwan 283203 1519178 0 183453 70432 228512 0 110898 2112473 Other Asia 791809 8160812 0 1596332 1972370 624 711790 3159332 15601259 Middle East 470981 1317954 0 1404760 2346866 0 0 515120 5584699 Other destinations 85941 324900 0 374477 861175 93937 218917 1300355 3173761 Total Aus 11137712 43600446 0 4540818 8217938 984412 932027 7401789 65677429 Source: (Australian Government Department of Agriculture and Water Resources, 2017). All things considered, the proposed reforms are consistent with economic policies pertaining to reputation and nation branding. Thus, the Australian government would be justified to implement the reforms as suggested by the two members of parliament. It is worth noting that the Australian government has invested a lot to maintain a nation brand that guarantees high quality and safe meat. In addition, the nation has a great reputation to uphold in the global market. For this reason, it should ensure that all products branded as Australian are of high quality to avoid losses in the future. This way, the Australian government would successfully safeguard the high quality standards and reputation that the Australian meat products command in the international market. Reference List 7215.0 - Livestock Products, Australia, Jun 2017. (2017). [Online] Australian Bureau of Statistics. Available at: https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS%5Cabs@.nsf/0/19C645E328441244CA2568A90013935A?Opendocument [Accessed 10 August 2017]. Australian red meat export statistics. (2017). [Online] Australian Government Department of Agriculture and Water Resources. Available at: https://www.agriculture.gov.au/export/controlled-goods/meat/statistics [Accessed 10 August 2017]. Bid to ban beef from live exported cattle being sold as Australian product. (2017). [Online] Daily Mail. Available at: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-12377/Australia-bans-European-beef-imports.html [Accessed 10 August 2017]. Nason, J. (2017). Bid to ban beef from live exported cattle being sold as Australian product. [Online] Beef Central. Available at: https://www.beefcentral.com/live-export/bill-to-ban-sale-of-beef-from-live-exported-cattle-as-australian-product/ [Accessed 10 August 2017]. Szondi, G. The role and importance of country branding - how to manage the reputation of countries. [Online] Tunisia Investment Forum. Available at: https://www.tunisiainvestmentforum.tn/En/upload/1364338791.pdf [Accessed 10 August 2017]. Teacy, L., Luck, M., Rogers, A., and R. J., Nicholas (2012) An efficient and versatile approach to trust and reputation using hierarchical Bayesian modelling, The Australian Feminist Law Journal, vol. 193, , pp. 150-167. Vidot, A. (2017). Meat processed overseas, branded Australian faces ban in proposal by Federal crossbenchers. [Online] ABC News. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2017-06-19/mps-propose-australia-branding-ban-for-meat-processed-overseas/8631628 [Accessed 10 August 2017].

Thedore Roosevelt Essay Example For Students

Thedore Roosevelt Essay Twenty-sixth U. S. president. Born October 27, 1858 in New York City (fifth cousin of Franklin Delano Roosevelt). A strong nationalist and a resourceful leader, Theodore Roosevelt gloried in the opportunities and responsibilities of world power, and during his years in office he greatly expanded the power of the presidency. He especially enlarged the United States role in the Far East and Latin America. At home he increased regulation of business, encouraged the labor movement, and waged a long, dramatic battle for conservation of national We will write a custom essay on Thedore Roosevelt specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now

Ernest Hemmingway Essays - Ernest Hemingway, In Our Time

Ernest Hemmingway Essays - Ernest Hemingway, In Our Time Ernest Hemmingway Ernest Miller Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899, in Oak Park, Illinois. His father was the owner of a prosperous real estate business. His father, Dr. Hemingway, imparted to Ernest the importance of appearances, especially in public. Dr. Hemingway invented surgical forceps for which he would not accept money. He believed that one should not profit from something important for the good of mankind. Ernest's father, a man of high ideals, was very strict and censored the books he allowed his children to read. He forbad Ernest's sister from studying ballet for it was coeducational, and dancing together led to "hell and damnation". Grace Hall Hemingway, Ernest's mother, considered herself pure and proper. She was a dreamer who was upset at anything which disturbed her perception of the world as beautiful. She hated dirty diapers, upset stomachs, and cleaning house; they were not fit for a lady. She taught her children to always act with decorum. She adored the singing of the birds and th e smell of flowers. Her children were expected to behave properly and to please her, always. Mrs. Hemingway treated Ernest, when he was a small boy, as if he were a female baby doll and she dressed him accordingly. This arrangement was alright until Ernest got to the age when he wanted to be a "gun-toting Pawnee Bill". He began, at that time, to pull away from his mother, and never forgave her for his humiliation. The town of Oak Park, where Ernest grew up, was very old fashioned and quite religious. The townspeople forbad the word "virgin" from appearing in school books, and the word "breast" was questioned, though it appeared in the Bible. Ernest loved to fish, canoe and explore the woods. When he couldn't get outside, he escaped to his room and read books. He loved to tell stories to his classmates, often insisting that a friend listen to one of his stories. In spite of his mother's desire, he played on the football team at Oak Park High School. As a student, Ernest was a perfectionist about his grammar and studied English with a fervor. He contributed articles to the weekly school newspaper. It seems that the principal did not approve of Ernest's writings and he complained, often, about the content of Ernest's articles. Ernest was clear about his writing; he wanted people to "see and feel" and he wanted to enjoy himself while writing. Ernest loved having fun. If nothing was happening, mischievous Ernest made something happen. He would sometimes use forbidden words just to create a ruckus. Ernest, though wild and crazy, was a warm, caring individual. He loved the sea, mountains and the stars and hated anyone who he saw as a fake. During World War I, Ernest, rejected from service because of a bad left eye, was an ambulance driver, in Italy, for the Red Cross. Very much like the hero of A Farewell to Arms, Ernest is shot in his knee and recuperates in a hospital, tended by a caring nurse named Agnes. Like Frederick Henry, in the book, he fell in love with the nurse and was given a medal for his heroism. Ernest returned home after the war, rejected by the nurse with whom he fell in love. He would party late into the night and invite, to his house, people his parents disapproved of. Ernest's mother rejected him and he felt that he had to move from home. He moved in with a friend living in Chicago and he wrote articles for The Toronto Star. In Chicago he met and then married Hadley Richardson. She believed that he should spend all his time in writing, and bought him a typewriter for his birthday. They decided that the best place for a writer to live was Paris, where he could devote himself to his writing. He said, at the time, that the most difficult thing to write about was being a man. They could not live on income from his stories and so Ernest, again, wrote for The Toronto Star. Ernest took Hadley to Italy to show her where he had been during the war. He was devastated, everything had changed, everything was destroyed.

Interpersonal Communications Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Interpersonal Communications - Assignment Example As such, intercultural communications will foster interpersonal communications between ordinary people and respectable citizens in the different cultures that one will meet while travelling. Male/Female communication differences, which relate to interpersonal communications, are very significant in the society. In a given society, the mode of communication is different between men and women, women and women, children and adults, and between men and men. However, there is need to establish effective interpersonal communications between these categories of communication. As such, the knowledge on male/female communication differences will help us to establish respectable and efficient interpersonal communications. In most cases, women manifest abject respect while communicating with men while men manifest objectivity while communication with other men. As such, male/female communication differences derive the aspect of gender, which is very significant in interpersonal communications. Birth order relates to interpersonal communications and has significant effects on communications in the society. Indeed, birth order may define generational differences in the society and the level of respect while communicating to people of different ages. As such, birth order affects communication in that people within the same generation as defined by the birth order has a unique way of communication. Indeed, the communication modes, language, and goals of the new generation differ from those of the older generation. As such, this knowledge will foster effective communication between people in the same generation and across different generations. Moreover, birth order defines the respect levels in the society with the older people deserving respectable communication. This knowledge will foster effective interpersonal communications. Moreover, listening is another important topic that relates to interpersonal

The effectiveness of coaching Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

The effectiveness of coaching - Research Paper Example cooperative of all team-players need to learn how they can best benefit their team, and for that, there are coaches: A fatherly figure, a mentor, a team-motivator and an inspirational leader, all combined into one, all at the source of the integrity and unity of a team. Great coaches have been known to drive mediocre teams to blinding success and successful teams to record-breaking levels of it. But how do they manage to achieve this, and how important exactly is a coach for the team? This question is answered through the examples of some of the greatest coaches of our time. Consider for example, Vincent Thomas Lombardi, or Vince Lombardi as he is better known, who is best known for being coach to the Green Bay Packers during the 1960s. When Lombardi first stepped on to coach the team in 1958, the team was going through one of its worst spells in history. Lombardi found a dispirited, disheartened team who had almost no support from the angry Green Bay and community and who owing to its abysmal state was in dire financial conditions as well. When Lombardi accepted to coach the team, he taught the team the first lesson that any coach primarily teaches his team – that it was not the statistics that determined the success of a team, nor the players that ensured it; rather it was the abilities of the players, developed through training and perseverance, and the mind-frame behind those abilities that drove a team to victory or success. Through punishingly exhaustive training sessions and incredibly motivating coaching, Lombardi was able to drive the te am to a success point not achieved by perhaps any rookie coach in history. Lombardi made it a point to incorporate a religious aspect into his coaching, earning him the title of The Pope. After the Packers lost the first Championship game under Lombardis coaching, which was to be his first and only championship loss as coach for the team, Lombardi motivated his team and told them that it would indeed be the last of

Dracula define monstrostiy within the context, who is the real monster Essay

Dracula define monstrostiy within the context, who is the real monster - Essay Example Although the vampires threatened Harker, Dracula identified him as his victim. This made it evident that the Count was capable of more harm than the vampires. The fact that he had the command that allowed him to maintain Harker for himself translates to the fact that he was more powerful than the three sexually –oriented vampires who threatened him. The Dracula definitely ordered for the confinement of Harker, causing him surging fear. The victim identified the fact that Count Dracula had supernatural powers and ambitions that appeared fiendish (Conner, Espinosa, and Stoker 56). With such devilish ambitions and goals, it was evident that he was a leading monster who took his time to plot out his future missions in the evil realm. It appeared that he controlled other vampires that resided in his proximity. After the death of Lucy, who succumbed to attacks by vampires, all characters sought to conduct a vampire slaying ritual for both Lucy and progress to Count Dracula, who had remained a vampire for a long period. The power commanded by the count became evident from the diary entries made by Seward and Harker (Conner, Espinosa, and Stoker 60). ... The fact that they wanted to terminate the vampire problem, and only were after the Count Dracula, ascertains that he was the greatest threat. From the family history that the count Dracula produces, it is evident that he originated from a family of lords, explaining why he was nostalgic of the days when his family members were renowned rulers of the region.as part of the benefits of growing up in such a family, he still managed the title of lord in Transylvania (Conner, Espinosa, and Stoker 78). The fact that he had such powers is a reason for him to abuse his supernatural powers in the destruction and tormenting of others. Moreover, the pride of his family that he was trying to uphold was the capacity to exercise control over others. This ascertains that although other monstrous characters are depicted in the story, his social standing coupled with the devilish accomplishments make him a real monster. In addition, it is evident from the sediments expressed by the count Dracula that he longed for the possession of immense power that would enable him to have all the humans under his subjection. This longing also serves to explain his increased desire to carry out devilish missions with his supernatural powers reveals that he had intentions of harming people in all senses. Moreover, his expression of the interest in carrying out a revenge mission also indicates that he had the potential and the intention of carrying out monstrous missions. Although the entire group struggles to track down the Count Dracula and perform the rituals that would send him powerless. He has the powers to connect with his victims especially Mina,